Introduction
The United States has launched its first zero-emission passenger hydrogen trains in San Bernardino, California. The Zero Emission Multiple Unit (ZEMU) could significantly impact global efforts to decarbonize public transport. The train accommodates 108 passengers and will go into full service in early 2025. The ZEMU provides a real-world test of hydrogen technology’s potential in everyday public transport.
Hydrogen Trains on Trial Worldwide
- Germany set a precedent for others by launching the world’s first hydrogen-powered train in 2018. The United Kingdom is testing hydrogen trains to phase out diesel trains by 2040.
- France has ordered hydrogen trains for several regional lines and will start operations in 2025. These global initiatives highlight the growing recognition of hydrogen’s potential to revolutionize rail transport.
Hydrogen vs Electric Trains
- Both electric and hydrogen trains emit no emissions at the point of use. However, electric trains depend on power generated from external sources, which may not always be renewable.
- A Canadian study emphasizes that electric trains necessitate expensive and complex infrastructure. This includes overhead gantries for power cables and substations for power supply.
- Battery-powered electric trains could reduce the need for thousands of kilometers of cables. However, they would require fast-charging infrastructure or facilities to swap drained batteries.
- The same study reveals hydrogen’s multiple benefits as a power source for next-generation trains. These include higher energy density, use in combustion engines or fuel cells, and lower up-front infrastructure costs.
Challenges
Electric railways have the advantage of already having infrastructure and safety measures in place. Implementing hydrogen as a rail fuel would necessitate large-scale infrastructure development. Hydrogen’s volatility and explosiveness demand strict safety measures. Storing large quantities of hydrogen on a fast-moving train poses potential hazards. The UK’s Rail Safety and Standards Board has addressed safety, standards, and regulations in a report. It identifies fire as the main concern and explores risk mitigation strategies.
The Future of Rail Travel
The success of hydrogen trains will hinge on advancements in green hydrogen production and supporting infrastructure. As technology progresses, more hydrogen-powered trains are expected to deploy globally, contributing to a net-zero future. Specific route requirements and other factors will likely dictate the choice between hydrogen and electric trains. In many cases, combining both technologies might prove to be the most effective approach. The World Economic Forum’s Advanced Energy Solutions community strives to accelerate the deployment of advanced technologies. This includes clean fuels, hydrogen, advanced nuclear, energy storage, and carbon removal.
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